ABSTRACT
Background PM2.5 pollution has become a widely concerned environmental health problem. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs) are the main harmful components of PM2.5, and their sources and carcinogenic risk deserve attention. Objective To analyze the source apportionment of PAHs in ambient PM2.5 in Fuzhou, and to evaluate the potential carcinogenic risk through inhalation due to exposure to PAHs. Methods In this study, two sampling sites were set up in Cangshan (industrial area) and Taijiang (commercial and residential area) districts in Fuzhou City. PM2.5 was collected from 10th to 16th of each month from 2017 to 2020 by membrane filtration method. The concentrations of ambient PM2.5 were measured by weighing, and the concentrations of 16 PAHs, including naphthalene(NAP), acenaphthylene(ACY), acenaphthene(ACE), fluorene(FLU), phenanthrene(PHE), anthracene(ANT), fluoranthene(FLT), pyrene(PYR), benzo[a]anthracene(BaA), chrysene(CHR), benzo[b]fluoranthene(BbF), benzo[k]fluoranthene(BkF), benzo[a]pyrene(BaP), indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene(IcdP), dibenzo[a,h]anthracene(DahA), and benzo[g,h,i]perylene(BghiP), were determined by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled with diode array detector and fluorescence detector. The concentrations of PM2.5 and PAHs were compared in the two districts and the concentrations of PAHs were also compared in different seasons. The diagnostic ratio [FLT/(FLT+PYR), IcdP/(IcdP+BghiP), BaA/(BaA+CHR), and BaP/BghiP] method and positive matrix factorization (PMF) analysis were used to determine the sources of PAHs in PM2.5 in Fuzhou. The excess carcinogenic risk (ECR) model was used to assess the potential health risk of inhalation exposure to PAHs. Results During 2017–2020, the M (P25, P75) concentration of ambient PM2.5 in Cangshan and Taijiang districts of Fuzhou were 35.0 (25.0, 47.5) and 34.0 (25.5, 46.0) μg·m−3 respectively, and the percentages of PM2.5 exceeding the national standard in Cangshan and Taijiang were 2.68% and 4.17%, respectively, without significant differences (P＞0.05). The M (P25, P75) concentrations of ΣPAHs in Cangshan was 5.03 (3.07, 7.67) ng·m−3, higher than that in Taijiang, 3.20 (2.05, 5.59) ng·m−3 (P＜0.05). The M (P25, P75) concentrations of PAHs monomers except ACY, FLU, and ACE in Cangshan were higher than those in Taijiang (P＜0.05). The concentrations of ΣPAHs in PM2.5 in four seasons in Cangshan were higher than those in Taijiang (P＜0.05). In both districts, the concentration of ΣPAHs in winter was higher than those in spring, summer, and autumn (P＜0.05). According to the diagnostic ratio method, the median ratios of FLT/(FLT+PYR) in the two districts ranged from 0.4 to 0.5, and those of IcdP/(IcdP+BghiP), BaA/(BaA+CHR), and BaP/BghiP were from 0.2 to 0.5, from 0.2 to 0.35, and less than 0.6, respectively. The results of PMF analysis showed the proportions of four factors in Cangshan were 37.9%, 13.2%, 24.0%, and 24.9%, respectively. The major load contributors to factor 1 included FLT, PHE, and PYR; to factor 2, FLU, ACY, and ACE; to factor 3, DahA; to factor 4, BghiP, IcdP, and BaP. The proportions of four factors in Taijiang were 23.6%, 19.3%, 22.0%, and 35.1%, respectively. The main load contributor to factor 1 was DahA; to factor 2, BghiP; to factor 3, FLT, PHE, and PYR; to factor 4, IcdP, BaP, BbF, BkF, CHR, and BaA. The benzo[a]pyrene equivalences (BEQ) in Cangshan and Taijiang districts were 1.87 ng·m−3 and 1.61 ng·m−3, respectively. The excess carcinogenic risks of PAHs through inhalation exposure was 3.83×10−6 and 3.30×10−6, respectively. Conclusion The complex sources of PAHs in ambient PM2.5 include dust, vehicle emissions, industrial emissions in Fuzhou, and are different in selected two districts. The level of PAHs in ambient PM2.5 may pose a potential carcinogenic risk to local population.
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Objective The paper applies Combination Evaluation Methods to the comprehensive evaluation of 31 cities' New RCMs condition in Fujian Province in 2007.Methods Four single Comprehensive Evaluation methods were employed to evaluate the results which were then combined by Combination Evaluation Methods.Results The results of Combination Evaluation Methods were more stable and accurate than those of single Comprehensive Evaluation methods.Conclusions The results of Combination Evaluation Methods are more stable and reliable.
ABSTRACT
<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To analyse the heritabilities of serum luteinizing hormone(LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), testosterone (T) and estradiol (E2) in twin boys, and to study the genetic contributions to gonadotropin-gonadal axis.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>A total of 51 pairs of male twins, 35 monozygotic (MZ) and 16 dizygotic(DZ) aged 5 to 11 years, were investigated. Serum gonadotropin and sex hormone were measured by radioimmunoassay. The twin zygosity was verified by determination of short tandem repeat amplified fragment length polymorphism systems. The genetic analysis was performed using intraclass correlation coefficient method.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The intraclass correlation coefficient was greater in the MZ twins than in the DZ twins. The estimated heritabilities were respectively LH 0.51, FSH 0.32, T 0.81, E2 0.41.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Genetic factors are major determinants of gonadotropin-gonadal axis in boys.</p>